Book reviews

The various properties of materials depend upon the structure of molecules from which they are built, but they are also influenced by the arrangement of molecules in their crystal structures. Recent scientific results in determining molecular and crystal structures have revolutionized our understanding of the many roles played by molecules and crystals in different fields – from physics and chemistry to material and life sciences. The extended and revised fifth edition of Molekule i kristali. Uvod u strukturnu kemiju Molecules and Crystals. Introduction to Structural Chemistry by Professor Drago Grdeni} is an up-to-date survey of structural chemistry, covering traditional concepts as well as a modern approach to this exciting field of science. The book comprises eight chapters. After the first, introductory chapter explaining the physical bases of molecular structure, such as harmonic oscillator, heat of radiation and atomic spectrum of hydrogen, the reader is introduced to the structure of atoms and to the problem of the chemical bond. The second chapter, entitled Electronic Structure of Atoms, deals with the unavoidable Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom and Bohr-Sommerfeld model of the atom, continuing with the magnetism of atoms, electronic orbitals and spectral terms. The third chapter on Atomic Orbitals provides the necessary explanation of the wave function and wave equation, while the fourth chapter under the title Polyelectronic Atoms discusses the electronic structure of the helium atom, the periodic table of elements as well as the electronic configuration and orbitals in polyelectronic atoms. With this chapter the reader is introduced to the problems of chemical bonding, problems covering a great deal of the rest of the book. The fifth chapter entitled Covalent Bond deals with different types of chemical bonding, describing the valence bond and molecular orbitals methods and discussing homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules and polyatomic molecules, localized and delocalized -bonding, symmetry of molecules, molecular spectra and different interatomic interactions (van der Waals and covalent radii, electronegativity and molecular dipole moments) and ends with the basic stereochemical rules. Chapter Six on the Ionic Bond deals with the ionic molecules, ionic crystals, structure of crystals and finally with the nature of the hydrogen bond. As a crystallographer, I am particularly pleased with the newly added section dedicated to the fundamentals of crystallography, theory of diffraction and the basic knowledge of X-ray structure analysis. It stands to reason because some of the most exciting scientific developments (let me just mention the results achieved in material science and biological crystallography) in recent years have come from X-ray crystallography. Chapter Seven under the title Complex Compounds presents the theory of coordination, magnetic properties of complexes, ligand-field theory, and the nuclear magnetic and paramagnetic resonance methods. The subject of the last, eighth chapter is Metallic Bond, describing the structure of metals, alloys and intermetallic compounds as well as the electronic theory of metals. In the supplements, the author gives the basic physical constants, atomic units, Greek alphabet and the periodic table of elements. Selected bibliography is of particular help to curious and ambitious readers, saving their time in searching sources to refresh the basic facts of mathematics, physics and chemistry,

thug enlarges the anterior chamber of this humour. 1 have sometimes seen the whole cornea sloughed off during an acute purulent ophthaimy, and a white opaque substance gradually effused from the ulcerated surface, sufficient to. form a complete cover to the iris; after which this opaque body has gradually projected in a.conical shape, until at length it has become so prominent as to hinder the eyelids fiom closing over it. I have at other times seen the projecting cornea partly opaque, and partly transparent: the pupils being distinctly visible through the transparent part, but the power of vision wholly destroyed. Sometimes the circumference of the opaque cornea projects, its central part appearing depressed, and resembling the bottom of a plate or dish ; and sometimes near* to the center of opacity, in the last case mentioned, there is ?in irregular black appearance, which a cursory ob erver might mistake for a pupil. No part of this aperture, however* is perceptible on a careful inspection, and the eye of course i's deprived of all useful vision. Mr. Ware next considers the means of affording relief. When the projection of the opaque cornea can be covered by the eyelids, without painfully stretching them, if the surface of the cornea continue regular, and the sight of the other eve perfect, no inconvenience, except the Unseemly appearance, is produced. This may be remedied by wearing spectacles containing plain window glass in the ring opposite the sound eye, and glass that is ground in a slight degree opaque, in the ring opposite the affected eye. Ill some cases it is necessary to sink the eye. For this purpose caustics and other strong applications have been proposed : but Mr. Ware deems them dangerous and inadequate. The mode of compressing the tumour, he states, is difficult, and lie only remembers one case in which it afforded advantage.
The more direct way of affording relief in the staphyloma i3 by removing the whole of the projecting' substance ; in consequence of which the humours of the eye are discharged, and the posterior part of its tunics collapse, so as to form a kind of button at the bottom of the Orbit. On this button, when the wound is healed, an artificial enamelled eye is capable of resting ; by which the uniform appearance of the face may be restored." Our author proceeds to enquire Into the best mode of performing the operation. He objects to the method of passing a double ligature through the tumour, and tying it on each side, as practised by Neister, St. Yves, and others, because it is a painful and indirect mode of accomplishing our object.
He thinks Scarpa's method of removing a small portion only of the projecting cornea, and forcing out the crystalline and vitreous humours, is liable to considerable objections, for which, however, we must refer to his paper, anil content ourselves with giving Mr. Ware's own mode of operating, which he informs us has uniformly succeeded in a considerable number of cases during a practice of more than thirty years. " The operator is directed to stand behind the patient, who is to be placed on a chair, sufficiently low to allow the operator to carry his hand with ease over the patient's head. A large crooked needle, armed / with a strong thread, should then be passed through the opaque projecting cornea, and after separating the needle from the thread, a knot should be tied in the latter, at a small distance from the eye, in order to hinder the thread from slipping. The operator having thus obtained, by mean-; of the thread, a secure hold of the eye, a knife similar to that which is used to divide the cornea in extracting the cataract,.or, if this be not at hand, a long sharp-pointed lancet, should be pushed through the sclerotic coat, about a quarter of an inch from its connection with the cornea, and be carried quickly but accurately round the cornea, as nearly parallel to it as can be accomplished. Sometimes, as soon as a puncture is nude through the sclerotica, so large a portion of the vitreo ;s humour escapes, as to cause the cornea to'become flaccid, in consequence of which tie operator may find it difficult to complete the incision Transactions of the Medical Society of London. IG3 jion round this tunic with either the lancet or the knife, and in this case a curved blunt-pointed scissars will be found useful to finish the operation. The only objection to the use of the scissars is drawn fr^om the additional pain which it is supposed to give ;? but the duration of the (p> ration is so short, that the difference between the pain produced by tha instruments is scarcely worthy to be named. The haemorrhage that succeeds is seldom considerable ?, and the less the eye is examined afterwards, the less danger will there be of pain and inflammation. A compress wet with a saturnine lotion should-be applied over the eye, and it should be moistened as often as it becomes dry; but no lint or any other application should be put within the lids, since this, has been known to give great pain, and in one instance to occasion alarming symptoms. An anodyne should be given after the operation, of greater or less strength according to the J\ge of the patient; but it is seldomnecessary to repeat this medicine, since the patient has usually more sound and quiet sleep after the operation than he had for a long time previous to its performance. At die end of about a fortnight, that part of the sclerotica which remained in the orbit will be found to have collapsed, and sometimes a small fungous substance will, then protrude through the wound. This in the course of time would subside of itself , but, as the .delay may be irksome,, the fungus may be easily, removed, and with very little pain, by nipping it off with a pair of sharp scissars. Thefungus is usually smaller in its neck where it joins the sclerotica than in its top ; in consequence of which its removal is effected with very little difficulty ; and though it sometimes reappears, it may be nipped off again and again, until at length the wound will completely closc, the inflammationcease,and the orbit become fit to receive an artificial eye. This, however, ought not to be introduced until the inflammation be perfectly removed, and when such an eye is used, it is adviseable to withdraw it every night and replace it in the morning, which may be effected with ease by the patient himself after a short experience. P. 127.
Hydropthalmia, to which Mr. Ware next ca41s\ouv attention, is an enlargement of the whole eye, produced by an increase of the vitreous as well as of the aqueous humour, w hich causes the eye to occupy an undue portion of the orbit, and occasions pain when the eye-lids are closed over it. Children are sometimes born with the cornea? large,, prominent, and opaque; these,, in general, are removed as the child grows older, by what Mr. Ware terms, " the vis natiircp medicatriv," without any particular remedy being employed.
But when the enlargement is not confined5to the cornea-, and extends to the sclerotica, and the eyedids cannot be closed without difficulty ; the patient being at the same time blind, and unable to sleep without opiates, it becomes necessary to devise some means of affording ease, and obviating deformity ; for the prospect of restoring sight is lost. For th s purpose we are recommended to perform the operation, for diminishing the eye, as directed in cases of staphyloma. 164 Critical Analysis. an enlargement of the different parts of the eye ; and that it is not.produced by the formation of purulent matter within the eye ; by a morbid alteration in the structure of either its coats or humours ; nor by the undue accumulation of adeps, or of any other substance, behind this organ." P. 134. Some cases illustrative of Mr. Ware's mode of discriminating these affections, and liis method of treatment are related. For his account of Carcinoma, we must refer to the volume itself, having already advanced too far beyond our limits.
The 7th article, by Mr. Burns, of Glasgow, is a case of suppuration of the liver, with appearances resembling Ascites, which terminated favourably. A girl aged twelve, on the 20th of June, 1798, complained of sickness, pain about the upper part of the abdomen, shooting to the right shoulder, heat, and frequency of pulse. An emetic was given; the pained parts were rubbed with some embrocation, and saline draughts were prescribed. The pain continuing, on the 10th of July, a blister was applied over the lower ribs, and was repeated on the 15th without much advantage. For some days previous to this, the belly had been fuller than usual; and the swelling having increased, diuretics were or--dered. Mr. Burns saw her, for the first time, on the 19th of July, and says, " I found the right hypochondrium tumid and painful to the touch5 especially near the stomach, and toward the lower part. She had pain in the right shoulder, and could not lie with ease except on her back, or inclining to the right side. The tongue was furred, the tunica adnata of the eye was of a yellowish colour ; the urine was high coloured, and deposited a copious pink coloured sediment. The belly was bound, and the stools, when procured, were of a light colour. The appetite was much impaired, and she had frequent fits of sickness and retching. The pulse was 115, sometimes 1CZ0; the body emaciated, and the skin wet with perspiration, whilst a hectic hlush pervaded the cheek. The belly was considerably swollen, and a fluctuation co\ild be discovered.
The tumor had not so diffused an appearance as is observed in Ascites, but was more rounded, as if a large globe had been placed below the umbilicus.
" She was now put on a course of mercury which was continued three Weeks, so as to keep the mouth somewhat sore. During this time the symptoms of hepatic inflammation went off, she slept better and felt easier ; but the hectic symptoms continued, and, although the diuretics had not been discontinued, the belly increased in size." On the 12th of September, she was tapped in the usual way, and about six pounds of well conditioned pus were drawn off. After this she soon got entirely well. In the middle of Octobcr. the belly again swelled, but not to half its former size ; the umbilicus protruded and inflamed : a poultice was applied, and in a few days the skin burst, ant} Transactions of the Medical Society of London. 1G5 nearly two pounds of matter were discharged. Pus continued to ooze out of the aperture for a fortnight, after which it healed up, and the patient has remained in good health ever since.
Observations on .the hare-lip, by Isaac Rand, form the subject of the 8th article. This paper was read in 1797, since which two volumes of the Society's memoirs have appeared. Perhaps the editors of the former volumes were startled at the author's first paragraph, which seems to us somewhat paradoxical. Me advances the following curious position, " Natural deficiencies are more frequent in the upper lip than in any other part of the body ; but, happily, these are very rare." What arc very rare? Befi-' ciences in the upper lip, or in the other parts of the body ? I he object of the paper is to-demonstrate the propriety of operating at a very early age in hare-lip. In two cases Mr. Rand performed the operation two days after birth. The first case was going on very finely, when an unlucky diarrhoea arrested " the efforts of nature, in completely uniting the bones in the middle and posterior parts of the fauces," and " destroyed the child in its seventh month." The other case, however, completely succeeded ; as did another in which the operation was performed at three months. The advantages which result from performing the operation at an early period, the author observes, are many.
fortnight. August the 2d, she consulted Mr. Upton, who ? found her labouring under a smart active fever; a hot and dry skin ; quick pulse, with considerable anxiety and agitation ; and: complaining of violent pain in her head generally, but especially on the cs frontis. Upon this bone was a tumour with a large hard base, tei minuting in a conical point, exactly resembling the growing horn of a young heifer. This evidently contained a fluid, which on the following aay was set at liberty with the point of a lancet, and upon examination, a considerable surface of the bone was found bare." P. 170.
Mr. Norris saw this patient on the 9th of August, lie enlarged the opening on the scalp, advised the head to be fomented, and the bowels to be kept open. At the end of a week, no abatement in her suffering having taken place, lie applied the trephine. When the operation was over, he was surprized to find that the dura mater exhibited a perfectly healthy appearance; and that no matter was discharged than what oozed from the substance of the bone. Some alleviation of pain followed, which he attributed to the medicines that were prescribed.
In the course of a week, she complained of pain toward the posterior and upper part of the left parietal bone, and a little tumour, tender to the touch, and containing a fluid, was observed there. On opening it, the bone was found bare. " After a few days, this portion of bone, of the size of a sixpence, separated, leaving a healthy granulating surface, and the wound very soon healed." From this time, similar tumours, with similar results, occurred almost daily. During the first two or three months the separated pieces of bone were from the outer table of the scull; after that time the dura mater was generally exposed by the separation; of each piece, and the wounds in the scalp no longer healed. She died, worn out with, suffering, on the 10th of May, IS04.
This patient had not one other, even doubtful, symptom of syphilis, and from Mr. Norris's inquiries, he thinks it certain that she wasnever affected with that disease. A plate accom-* ?panies the description, and the fragment of scull which remains has the appearance of being worm-eaten. ? For the second case, de Sati/riqsmo,. we must refer our readers, at least, those who understand Latin, to the Volume itself. The tenth article is " on the Medicinal properties of Sanguinaria Canadensis, or Blood Root. Communicated to the President by Dr. N. Smith, Hanover (North America). Dated February, 1807. lis medical virtues are very considerable. "The dried root, pulverised and given in doses of four or five grains, generally pukes pretty violently, prodncing a great prostration of strength during its operation, which continues for some time." " The taste is acrid and unpleasant.
Transactions o f the Medical Society of London. 167 sant. rJ he pulverised root taken into the nose excites sneezing, and produces a sense of heat in that organ. It also acts as an escharotic ?n fungous flesh." Dr. Smith has not known it act as a cathartic. He has cured several polypi of the soft kind, by the continued use of it as a snuff. He hasgiven it with great succcss in haemoptysis, and in coughs. " t rom more than two years experience of the use of blood root in affections of the lungs, attended with cough, I cannot assert (the Doctor observes) what has been asserted of fox-glove, that it will cure a confirmed consumption ; but I can in confidence say, that, in my opinion, it is capable of doing more towards preventing that fatal disease than any one remedy 1 have ever been acquainted wit!. " I have given blood root in powder, in tincture, and in simple infusion ; which last is the better mode of giving it. In powder it operates more roughly, and spirit does not appear to extract its active principle sufficiently. When I give it for a Guugh, if the symptoms are urgent, I begin with a dose sufficient to excite puking ; but generally endeavour to give it in as large doses as can be borne without that effect, and repeat U four or five times each day. Where there is great irritation and a constant disposition to cough, I join opium with it. Given in this manner, if the patient has not a confirmed hectic, it generally cures the Cough." P. 184.
It is also useful in inflammatory rheumatism. It has been recommended in jaundice, and has curcd epilepsy. It has never been known to produce any lasting bad effects, and never affects the head like foxglove. If then it be not a va-luable addition to our Materia Medica, it may at least become the basis of a profitable nostrum. Mr. Mason Good hassubjoined an accurate botanical description of the plant. The next article is a short and very unsatisfactory case of Tic Douloureux, by Dr. Anthony Fothergill, of Philadel-^ phia. Most of the medicines usually prescribed in this painful complaint were given without any benefit. The operation of dividing the nerve was proposed and rejected ; and *or any thing we know to the contrary, the patient is still afflicted with the disease. The 12th article contains te Remarks on the Land Winds: ?The result of these cases establishes the efficacy, and confirms the safety, of a mode of practice which has only lately been* known. Dr. Lettsom gave nine drams of the rectified oil of turpentine, desiring the patient to swallow a little honey after The medicine occasioned less heat than would have been Occasioned by as much brandy or other spirit, and the flavour 158 Critical Analysis. vour and. Is eat were-removed by the honey. " In about three hours after taking this close,'a laxative motion was produced, without any discharge of taenia: but soon afterwards, witli 'the second stool, more than four yards of the worm were discharged, and alvo-a quantity of matter,, resembling, as the patient expressed it, the substance and skins.of the taenia." No pain or uneasiness was experienced in the urinary passages after taking the medicine, and the patient has since remained in perfect health. Dr. Lettsom concludes that the best mode of taking the oil is without admixture. Dr. Hancock began by prescribing the oil of turpentine in doses of two drams twice aday, mixed with treacle. " This produced no other effect than an increase of pain and uneasiness, and particularly on going to stool> as if it irritated the rectum. The: dose was'now increased to half an ounce, at longer intervals.' The first dose in this quantity, which she took without treacle, produced a litfle sickness and confusion of ideas, and afterwards Operated as a purge. She complained of no uneasiness whatever in the urinary organs," Afterthesedoses, she passed a quantity of slimy mucus, and obtained so much relief in all. her painful symptoms that she begged for a double dose. She accord-* ingiy took?n ounce of the oil which produced slight intoxication, till the cathartic effect followed. This was repeated several times without, however, any appearance of taenia in her stools, though the dose was increased to an ounce and a half. Dr. Hancock observed that the mucus which was abundantly' discharged, by the operation of the medicinc, " sometimes exhibited the appearance of white films, as if the siibstatice of the worm had been broken down." Dr: Fofllergill gave''a patient affected with taenia half an ounce of the "oil of turpentine. It was taken in tea, sweet-, cned with -honey. " In a quarter of an hour he (the patient) was seized With retching, and in the course of the day passed four copious stools, in one of which was a tape worm several, yards in length." It was dead and had a livid appearance.
" The dose of the oil was increased .to six drams, and was repeated twice a week for the space,of a month. During the first fortnight Small pieces of .worm, continued to pass away, both-after taking the medicine,z^nd at ojher times; but ia'the second fortnight the stools were natural, and contained no vestige of taenia." The remedy .was consequently discontinued, and the patient regained his strcgnth and cheerfulness with an entire freedom from, complaint. Dr. Birkbeck administered the oil of turpentine to two. middle aged females who had long been troubled with the tapeworm.
In the first case, half an ounce was given, and produced two evacuations from the bowels, in one of which mor?
Freahe on the Hiimulus. more thati four yards of the woriifr were contained. cf It wo* dark-coloured, shrivelled, filmy, and lifeless." A second dose of the oil did .not expel any more Of the worm, not had it again appeared three months afterwards. "Considerable derangement of the general health and great pain in (he pit ?f the stomach were produced by the tape-worm, in the second case in which the oil of turpentine was employed.
Although one tea-spoonful only was introduced, sickness and acute pain followed : this dose was repeated several successive mornings, always with (he same immediate effects; but occasionally it was succeeded by the expulsion of large portions ?f the worm." After continuing (he medicine some time, the patient became free from any appearance of taenia in the stools, and from all those sensations which had so long denoted its presence in the intestines.
Mr. Saner gave an ounce of the rectified oil of turpentine, "with an equal quantity of syrup of saffron, to a w-onian who had long been troubled with ttenia, portions of which for seven years past had come away, whenever she took a dose of jalap. Several feet of the worm, with the head attached, speedily cafae away, and she has remained well ever since.
The second case was not so favourable. One dose of the oil of turpentine brought away a quantity of worm, without ofccasionirtg arty unpleasant effects; but on repeating it, if produced u violent retchings, tenesmus,strangury, and great ^aiu in the back; the UTinc was also a little tinged with btood." I he patient afterwards took a drachm of jalap, and parsed. a considerable quantity of the worm. From the evidence of these histories, and a variety of other cases with which w* are acquainted, we have no doubt.that the large doses of atL?f terpentine may be given with safety, and in general will sue? ceed in expelling taenia from the bowels.
The volume concludes with an account of the lifeiftiid wri- troduqc4 170 Critical Analysis* troduced two preparations of the medicine into the last edition of their pharmacopoeia, and "we doubt not that they "will prove efficacious in many cases.
Mr. Freake has adduced some additional instances 6f the success of the remedy, one of which we quote as a specimen. 'April 13, 1806. This day I was sent for to a gentleman 46 years of age, much troubled with Gout. I found him on a sofa complaining of'violent pain in his left ancle, which was swelled but did not appear inflamed, tongue white, pulse 96, skin hot and dry, his nights were restless, and his spirits very low. He had a violent s;iock the preceding day from being thrown out of a chaise, by which accident he had a slight contusion in his right knee, yet he was able to use considerable exertion in the evening, ana did not feel pain or uneasiness in the left ancle until this morning. He had not long recovered from i fit of Gout, which had confined him for some time, as it Usually had done two or three times in each preceding ypar. I directed for him some aperient medicine, and then gave him the Humulus with saline draughts ; these had the usual effect of throwing off more Gout, promoting perspiration, procuring rest, and keeping the bowels gently open, at the same time lessening the frequency of the pulse. The symptoms varied occasionally, Gout attacked different limbs, and afterwsrds subsided kindly; the patient now took the medicines regularly, without the saline, and amended so rapidly, that on the , .
... ' 19th, I was able to declare him in a convalescent state ; the bowels were not now sufficiently active, therefore I ordered an aperient draught, which procured three motions, and on the 20th, When 1 called, my patient informed me he Was better in every respect, that he was happy to say, 1 had done him a great deal of good.
He had slept well, his tongue was clear," pulse 76, h;s appetite had increased, and his spirits were very much improved, the swelling and in-flimm&'tiori had subsided, and he had got on his small gout shoe*, and was able to use considerable exertion : the medicines were continued. ' j.
. u 27th, Last night he was in such health and spirits, that he exerted hun-elf with .increased agility, and unfortunately strained the instep of his left l#g, which occasioned considerable uneasiness and pain, and brought on fever, which, by the addition of saturated lemon juice to his Humulus medicine, he was relieved from on the following day. 28th, He is now considerably better, and has gone through a very fatiguing evening. The medicines were repeated. '80th, Ordered the draught and pills to be taken only at bed time. May 3. This day,'I received the thanks of my patient and his wife, on his being-restored to better health than he had experienced for many months past.
7th, 1 called to see my patient, who remained well, but had not fortitude sufficient to persevere with the medicine when out of pain.' He, however, was free from Gout for nearly eighteen months.
By persevering for some time in the use of the remedy, after the complaint is removed, its future accessions have been rendered less violent, till at length; the patient hay become altogether Frerike on the Humulus. 171 altogether free from the disorder. Mr. Freakegives the followingdirections for administering the medicine.

DIRECTIONS.
In acute Gout, after the bowels have been cleared, the patient cannot too soon begin .the us:-of the Humulus. Ten grains of extract should be formed into pills, with rhub.ub and.ginger for a dose; a drachm of the tincture should be added to a. saline draught to be taken after the pills, or the pills may-be dissolved in the draught; thj3 draught with the pills should be repeated every four hours, and double the quantity .of extract and tincture may be put into the night draught if the symptoms are urgent. The medicine thus administered, has in general given relief in one, two, or three nights. This plan must be continued every four or six hours, while fever is present; after which the saline may* be lessened, as well as the number of doses of the Humulus for a few days. A decoction of the Peruvian or CascariJla bark may then be substituted for the saline draught, and continued two or three times a day, until strength is regained, or for about a fortnight after the symptoms of (/out have subsided. In some cases, when I could not prevail on my patient to take the number of doses, I have made the medicines proportionably stronger, and given them less frequently, ailowing a drachm of the extract, and six drachms of the tincture in each twenty-four hours, as the extent of " quantity.
The regimen in acute Gout should be similar to' that recommended in inflammatory fever.
Attention must be paid to keep the bowels gently open, if the medicine is not sufficient for that purpose.
The abovej>lan has succeeded in acute Rheumatism,'assisted by the lancet when needful, and occasionally repeating the aperient medicine.
In chronic Gout the medicines must Se given in a very different manner, and for a much longer time, for two or three months at least, so that whatever Gout is in the system may be thrown off. Some gentle aperient medicine must also be taken previous to the-administration cf the Humulus in chronic Gout, and when that has operated, two drachass of the tincture and twenty grains of the extract must be taken at two doses, viz. at night.ahd at noon, (in pills, with draaghts or mixtures) daily for the first month, three drachms and thirty ' grains for the second month, and two drachms and twenty grains for the third mondi, which quantity in general will be aniply sufficient to strengthen the system, and expel all the present 4jOut. At any xuture time, when more Gout is generated, and accumulates sufficiently topioduce a paroxysm, attended with fever, pain, and inflammation in tiie affected part, it must be treated as acute Gout, b-t it will seldom last many days if attended to directly. Whatever sufferings patients may have endured, when restored to health, they are too apt to be negligent with respect to keeping the ' bowels clear from crudities, that may gradually collect; therefore, 1 strongly reeommend persons who are subject to Gouty affections, never to fell, however healthy they may appear, taking an aperient draught or -.. ' z 2 * pill* pills every month or six weeks, as from experience I -am convinced that a paroxysm of Gout has often been prevented by such attention. The regimen to be observed by persons suffering from chronic Gout will of course vary, according to the symptoms and constitution, as well as habits of the patient, which being known, can best be regulated by the attending medical gentleman. All however should attentively observe moderation, and cautiously avoid excess of every kind. Those patients who have suffered from chronic rheumatism, have generally bteo relieved by the plan above directed. ' Critical Analysis. induration, hitherto supposed to be idiopathic, may be safely considered, and successfully treated, as arising from a firincijile of irritation concealed 'within the urethra In pursuing this investigation, the'object is to shew that? " Irritation frequently applied to a testicle, will produce appearances and consequences very similar to what are esteemed true characteristics of schirrus and carcinoma. And it is deduced from this ftct, that the malignancy of the ulcerative stage of true schirrus in the testicle does not? as has been supposed, depend on the presence of any morbid poison, but differs from the malignancy of the ulcerative stage of common indurated testicle, merely with regard to the part of the gland in which irritation causing its derangement has been primarily established.